| geomap | immatch | geomap |
geomap -- compute one or more spatial transformation functions
geomap input database xmin xmax ymin ymax
For all the fitting geometries except "general" no distortion term is fit, i.e. the x and y polynomial orders are assumed to be 2 and the cross term switches are assumed to be "none", regardless of the values of the xxorder , xyorder , xxterms , yxorder , yyorder and yxterms parameters set by the user.
The "shift", "xyscale", "rotation", "rscale", and "rxyscale" fitting geometries, assume that the cross term switches are set to "none" regardless of the values set by the user. If either of the cross terms parameters are set to "half" or "full" and fitgeometry is "general" then a distortion surface is fit to the residuals from the linear portion of the fit.
GEOMAP computes the transformation required to map the reference coordinate system to the input coordinate system. The coordinates of points in common to the two systems are listed in the input text file(s) input input one per line in the following format: "xref yref yin yin.
The computed transforms are stored in the text database file database in records with names specified by the parameter transforms . If the transforms parameter is undefined the records are assigned the name of the input coordinate files.
The computed transformation has the form shown below, where the reference coordinates must be defined in the coordinate system of the reference image system if the user intends to resample an image with gregister or geotran, or transform coordinates from the reference coordinate system to the input image coordinate system.
xin = f (xref, yref)
yin = g (xref, yref)
If on the other hand the user wishes to transform coordinates from the input image coordinate system to the reference coordinate system then he or she must reverse the roles of the reference and input coordinates as defined above, and compute the inverse transformation.
The functions f and g are either a power series polynomial or a Legendre or Chebyshev polynomial surface of order xxorder and xyorder in x and yxorder and yyorder in y.
Several polynomial cross terms options are avaible. Options "none", "half", and "full" are illustrated below for a quadratic polynomial in x and y.
xxterms = "none", xyterms = "none"
xxorder = 3, xyorder = 3, yxorder = 3, yyorder = 3
xin = a11 + a21 * xref + a12 * yref +
a31 * xref ** 2 + a13 * yref ** 2
yin = a11' + a21' * xref + a12' * yref +
a31' * xref ** 2 + a13' * yref ** 2
xxterms = "half", xyterms = "half"
xxorder = 3, xyorder = 3, yxorder = 3, yyorder = 3
xin = a11 + a21 * xref + a12 * yref +
a31 * xref ** 2 + a22 * xref * yref + a13 * yref ** 2
yin = a11' + a21' * xref + a12' * yref +
a31' * xref ** 2 + a22' * xref * yref + a13' * yref ** 2
xxterms = "full", xyterms = "full"
xxorder = 3, xyorder = 3, yxorder = 3, yyorder = 3
xin = a11 + a21 * xref + a31 * xref ** 2 +
a12 * yref + a22 * xref * yref + a32 * xref ** 2 * yref +
a13 * yref ** 2 + a23 * xref * yref ** 2 +
a33 * xref ** 2 * yref ** 2
yin = a11' + a21' * xref + a31' * xref ** 2 +
a12' * yref + a22' * xref * yref + a32' * xref ** 2 * yref +
a13' * yref ** 2 + a23' * xref * yref ** 2 +
a33' * xref ** 2 * yref ** 2
If the fitgeometry parameter is anything other than "general", the order parameters assume the value 2 and the cross terms switches assume the value "none", regardless of the values set by the user. The computation can be done in either real or double precision by setting calctype . Automatic pixel rejection may be enabled by setting axiter > 0 and reject to some number greater than 0.
Xmin , xmax , ymin and ymax define the region of validity of the fit in the reference coordinate system and must be set by the user. These parameters can be used to reject out of range data before the actual fitting is done.
GEOMAP may be run interactively by setting interactive = yes and inputting commands by the use of simple keystrokes. In interactive mode the user has the option of changing the fit parameters and displaying the data graphically until a satisfactory fit has been achieved. The available keystroke command are listed below.
? Print options f Fit the data and graph with the current graph type (g, x, r, y, s) g Graph the data and the current fit x,r Graph the x fit residuals versus x and y respectively y,s Graph the y fit residuals versus x and y respectively d,u Delete or undelete the data point nearest the cursor o Overplot the next graph c Toggle the constant x, y plotting option t Plot a line of constant x, y through the nearest data point l Print xshift, yshift, xmag, ymag, xrotate, yrotate q Exit the interactive curve fitting
The parameters listed below can be changed interactively with simple colon commands. Typing the parameter name along will list the current value.
:show List parameters
:fitgeometry Fitting geometry (shift,xyscale,rotate,
rscale,rxyscale,general)
:function [value] Fitting function (chebyshev,legendre,
polynomial)
:xxorder :xyorder [value] X fitting function xorder, yorder
:yxorder :yyorder [value] Y fitting function xorder, yorder
:xxterms :yxterms [n/h/f] X, Y fit cross terms type
:maxiter [value] Maximum number of rejection iterations
:reject [value] Rejection threshold
The final fit is stored in a simple text file in a format suitable for use by the REGISTER or GEOTRAN tasks.
If verbose is "yes", various pieces of useful information are printed to the terminal as the task proceeds. If results is set to a file name then the input coordinates, the fitted coordinates, and the residuals of the fit are written to that file.
The transformation computed by the "general" fitting geometry is arbitrary and does not correspond to a physically meaningful model. However the computed coefficients for the linear term can be given a simple geometrical geometric interpretation for all the fitting geometries as shown below.
fitting geometry = general (linear term) xin = a + b * xref + c * yref yin = d + e * xref + f * yref fitting geometry = shift xin = a + xref yin = d + yref fitting geometry = xyscale xin = a + b * xref yin = d + f * yref fitting geometry = rotate xin = a + b * xref + c * yref yin = d + e * xref + f * yref b * f - c * e = +/-1 b = f, c = -e or b = -f, c = e fitting geometry = rscale xin = a + b * xref + c * yref yin = d + e * xref + f * yref b * f - c * e = +/- const b = f, c = -e or b = -f, c = e fitting geometry = rxyscale xin = a + b * xref + c * yref yin = d + e * xref + f * yref b * f - c * e = +/- const
The coefficients can be interpreted as follows. Xref0, yref0, xin0, yin0 are the origins in the reference and input frames respectively. Orientation and skew are the rotation of the x and y axes and their deviation from perpendicularity respectively. Xmag and ymag are the scaling factors in x and y and are assumed to be positive.
general (linear term) xrotation = rotation - skew / 2 yrotation = rotation + skew / 2 b = xmag * cos (xrotation) c = ymag * sin (yrotation) e = -xmag * sin (xrotation) f = ymag * cos (yrotation) a = xin0 - b * xref0 - c * yref0 = xshift d = yin0 - e * xref0 - f * yref0 = yshift shift xrotation = 0.0, yrotation = 0.0 xmag = ymag = 1.0 b = 1.0 c = 0.0 e = 0.0 f = 1.0 a = xin0 - xref0 = xshift d = yin0 - yref0 = yshift xyscale xrotation 0.0 / 180.0 yrotation = 0.0 b = + /- xmag c = 0.0 e = 0.0 f = ymag a = xin0 - b * xref0 = xshift d = yin0 - f * yref0 = yshift rscale xrotation = rotation + 0 / 180, yrotation = rotation mag = xmag = ymag const = mag * mag b = mag * cos (xrotation) c = mag * sin (yrotation) e = -mag * sin (xrotation) f = mag * cos (yrotation) a = xin0 - b * xref0 - c * yref0 = xshift d = yin0 - e * xref0 - f * yref0 = yshift rxyscale xrotation = rotation + 0 / 180, yrotation = rotation const = xmag * ymag b = xmag * cos (xrotation) c = ymag * sin (yrotation) e = -xmag * sin (xrotation) f = ymag * cos (yrotation) a = xin0 - b * xref0 - c * yref0 = xshift d = yin0 - e * xref0 - f * yref0 = yshift
1. Compute the linear transformation between coordinate systems. A record called "m51.coo" will be written in the database file "database".
cl> geomap m51.coo database 1. 512. 1. 512.
2. Compute the 3rd order transformation in x and y between two coordinate systems. A record called "m51.coo" will be written in the database file "database". This record supersedes the one of the same name written in example 1.
cl> geomap m51.coo database 1. 512. 1. 512. xxo=4 xyo=4 \ >>> yxo=4 yyo=4 xxt=full yxt=full inter-
3. Register a 500 by 500 image of m51 to an 800 by 800 image of the same field taken with a different instrument, and display the original 800 by 800 image and the transformed image. Use the default fitting parameters.
cl> geomap m51.coo database 1.0 800.0 1.0 800.0 cl> gregister m51.500 m51.500.out database m51.coo cl> display m51.800 1 fi+ cl> display m51.500.out 2 fi+
4. Use the above transform to transform a list of object pixel coordinates in the m51.800 image to their pixel coordinates in the m51.500 system.
cl> geoxytran m51.800.xy m51.500.xy database m51.coo
5. Transform object pixel coordinates in the m51.500 image to their pixel coordinates in the m51.800 image. Note that to do this the roles of the reference and input coordinates defined in example 3 must be reversed and the inverse transform must be computed.
cl> fields m51.coo 3,4,1,2 > m51.coo.inv cl> geomap m51.coo.inv database 1.0 512.0 1.0 512.0 cl> geoxytran m51.512.xy m51.800.xy database m51.coo.inv
6. Compute 3 different transforms, store them in the same database file, and use them to transform 3 different images. Use the original image names as the database record names.
cl> geomap coo1,coo2,coo3 database 1. 512. 1. 512. \ >>> transforms=im1,im2,im3 cl> gregister im1,im2,im3 im1.out,im2.out,im3.out database \ >>> im1,im2,im3
The user should be aware that for high order fits the "polynomial" basis functions become very unstable. Switching to the "legendre" or "chebyshev" polynomials and/or going to double precision will usually cure the problem.
imshift, magnify, rotate, imlintran, gregister, geotran, geoxytran