NAME

gradient -- convolve a list of images with the gradient filter

USAGE

gradient input output gradient

PARAMETERS

input

List of images for which gradient images are to be calculated.

output

List of output images. The number of output images must equal the number of input images. If the input image name equals the output image name the convolved image will replace the input image.

gradient

The gradient filters are a set of 8 three by three kernels identified by the angle of maximum response as measured counter-clockwise to the x axis. The kernels approximate the gradient operator, which is defined as the slope of the intensity distribution in an image. The eight supported gradient operators are listed below.

"0", "180"

Calculate the gradient image along a 0 or 180 degree angle. These options approximate the d/dx operator. Option "0" produces a maximum response for pixel values which increase with increasing x, whereas option "180" produces a maximum response for pixel values which decrease with increasing x.

"90", "270"

Calculate the gradient image along a 90 or 270 degree angle. These options approximate the d/dy operator. Option "90" produces a maximum response for pixel values which increase with increasing y, whereas option "270" produces a maximum response for pixel values which decrease with increasing y.

"45", "225"

Calculate the gradient image along a 45 or 225 degree angle. Option "45" produces a maximum response for pixel values which increase along a line at 45 degrees counter-clockwise to the x axis. Option "225" produces a maximum response for pixel values which increase along a line at 225 degrees to the x axis.

"135", "315"

Calculate the gradient image along a 135 or 315 degree angle. Option "135" produces a maximum response for pixel values which increase along a line at 135 degrees counter-clockwise to the x axis. Option "315" produces a maximum response for pixel values which increase along a line at 315 degrees to the x axis.

boundary = "nearest"

The algorithm used to compute the values of out of bounds pixels. The options are:

nearest

Use the value of the nearest boundary pixel.

constant

Use a constant value.

reflect

Generate a value by reflecting around the boundary.

wrap

Generate a value by wrapping around to the opposite side of the image.

constant = 0.

The constant for constant-valued boundary extension.

DESCRIPTION

GRADIENT convolves the list of images specified by input with one of eight three by three gradient kernels specified by gradient and places the output images in output . If the image names in output equal the image names in input the gradient operation is performed in place and the original images are overwritten. Out of bounds pixels are computed using the algorithm specified by boundary .

GRADIENT acts like a simple edge detector or high pass filter which is sensitive to both the magnitude and direction of changes in intensity in an image. For example, if an image's pixel values are specified by the sum of their x and y coordinates (z = x + y) and boundary extension effects are ignored, the "0", "45", "90", "135", "180", "225", "270", and "315" gradient kernels will each produce a constant image containing the numbers 1, sqrt (2), 1, 0, -1, -sqrt (2), -1, and 0 respectively.

The eight gradient filters are listed below. The I[*,*] are the elements of the input image and the O[*,*] are elements of the output image.

                         0

	    - I[-1,1]          + 0*I[0,1]  + I[1,1]
   O[0,0] = - I[-1,0]*sqrt(2)  + 0*I[0,0]  + I[1,0] * sqrt(2)  
	    - I[-1,-1]         + 0*I[0,-1] + I[-1,-1]

			45
	     
	    + I[-1,1]*0          + I[0,1]   + I[1,1]/2/sqrt(2)
   O[0,0] = - I[-1,0]            + I[0,0]*0 + I[1,0] 
            - I[-1,-1]/2/sqrt(2) - I[0,-1]  + I[1,-1]*0 

			90
	     
	    + I[-1,1]    + I[0,1]*sqrt(2)  + I[1,1]
   O[0,0] = + I[-1,0]*0  + I[0,0]*0        + I[1,0]
	    - I[-1,-1]   - I[0,-1]*sqrt(2) - I[-1,-1]

		       135

	    + I[-1,1]/2/sqrt(2) + I[0,1]   + I[1,1]*0
   O[0,0] = + I[-1,0]           + I[0,0]*0 - I[1,0]
            + I[-1,-1]*0        - I[0,-1]  - I[1,-1]/2/sqrt(2) 

			180

	    + I[-1,1]          + 0*I[0,1]  - I[1,1]
   O[0,0] = + I[-1,0]*sqrt(2)  + 0*I[0,0]  - I[1,0]*sqrt(2)
	    + I[-1,-1]         + 0*I[0,-1] - I[-1,-1]

		       225

	    + I[-1,1]*0          - I[0,1]   - I[1,1]/2/sqrt(2)
   O[0,0] = + I[-1,0]            + I[0,0]*0 - I[1,0]
            + I[-1,-1]/2/sqrt(2) + I[0,-1]  + I[1,-1]*0 

		       270

	    - I[-1,1]    - I[0,1]*sqrt(2)  - I[1,1]
   O[0,0] = + I[-1,0]*0  + I[0,0]*0        + I[1,0]*0
	    + I[-1,-1]   + I[0,-1]*sqrt(2) + I[-1,-1]

		      315

	    - I[-1,1]/2/sqrt(2) - I[0,1]   + I[1,1]*0
   O[0,0] = - I[-1,0]           + I[0,0]*0 + I[1,0]
            + I[-1,-1]*0        + I[0,-1]  + I[1,-1]/2/sqrt(2) 

EXAMPLES

1. Calculate the gradient in the 180 degree direction using nearest neighbour boundary extension.

    cl> gradient m83 m83.odeg 180

TIME REQUIREMENTS

GRADIENT requires approximately 2.0 cpu seconds to convolve a 512 square real image with a 3 by 3 gradient kernel on a Sparc Station 1.

BUGS

SEE ALSO

convolve, gauss, laplace, boxcar